Citizen Kane
Directed by Orson Welles
1941
Welles was twenty-five and had never directed a feature before: he built a portrait of a man whose whole life nobody around him can add up, and changed everything.
★ 9.9
Browse by time · decade
1940s
1940 – 1949
Showing 567 works across all media from the 1940s
Casablanca
Directed by Michael Curtiz
1942
Proof that a studio picture thrown together in a hurry can outlive everything around it: eighty years on, the lines are still in the language and the romance still lands.
★ 9.7
The Third Man
Directed by Carol Reed
1949
Britain has never made a better one, and nothing else sounds like it: a ruined postwar Vienna, and a zither score by a musician Reed first heard playing for the crew.
★ 9.3
White Christmas
1942
Berlin's snowless Christmas song, the best-selling physical single ever pressed, and the sound of every soldier's homesickness.
★ 9.3
Bicycle Thieves
Directed by Vittorio De Sica
1948 · Italy
Italian neorealism starts with this, and it still guts people: De Sica cast a factory worker as his lead and found a whole society inside one stolen bicycle.
★ 9.1
1984
1949 · 328 pages
Winston Smith rewrites old newspapers so history agrees with the Party, then risks a diary and a love affair. Orwell built the machinery so exactly that reading it feels like being watched.
★ 9.1
Double Indemnity
Directed by Billy Wilder
1944
Film noir gets its blueprint here: Wilder and Chandler wrote dialogue nobody has matched for hardness, and set the pattern of the doomed man telling his own story.
★ 9.0
It's a Wonderful Life
Directed by Frank Capra
1946
A commercial failure that decades of Christmas television turned into a national ritual: it is far darker than its reputation, and the ending earns every tear it gets.
★ 9.0
The Stranger
1942 · 123 pages
Meursault buries his mother without crying, takes a lover, and shoots a man on a hot Algiers beach. At his trial the tears he never shed matter more than the killing.
★ 8.9
Nighthawks
1942 · Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
Four people sit under fluorescent light behind a curved sheet of glass, and Hopper gave the diner no door in or out.
★ 8.9
Animal Farm
1945 · 128 pages
The animals drive out the farmer and run the place themselves, until the rules painted on the barn wall start changing. Orwell reduced the Russian Revolution to a fable no adult forgets.
★ 8.9
The Second Sex
1949 · 832 pages
One is not born a woman, Beauvoir argues, but becomes one. She works through biology, history, myth, marriage, and old age to prove it, and modern feminism begins in these pages.
★ 8.7
Death of a Salesman
1949 · 139 pages
Willy Loman, a traveling salesman worn down to nothing, argues with his grown sons and with people who are not in the room. Audiences have recognized their own fathers in him since 1949.
★ 8.7
A Streetcar Named Desire
1947 · 128 pages
Blanche DuBois arrives at her sister's New Orleans apartment with nothing left, and her brother-in-law Stanley sets about destroying what remains. No American play has staged desire and cruelty this nakedly.
★ 8.7
The Plague
1947 · 308 pages
Rats die in the streets of an Algerian port, the gates shut, and a doctor named Rieux keeps working. Camus meant the German occupation, and every epidemic since has proved him right.
★ 8.6
If This is a Man and The Truce
1947 · 400 pages
Levi was an Italian chemist deported to Auschwitz at twenty-four. He survived, then spent months making his way home across a ruined Europe, and reports all of it without raising his voice.
★ 8.6
The Diary of a Young Girl
1947 · 283 pages
Two years in hiding behind an Amsterdam office, set down by a girl who wrote about her mother, her boredom, and who she meant to become. She was fifteen when they were found.
★ 8.6
The Little Prince
1943 · 96 pages
Crash-landed in the Sahara, a pilot meets a boy from a tiny planet who worries about his rose. Saint-Exupéry writes for children and lands hardest on adults who have stopped looking properly.
★ 8.6
Late Spring
Directed by Yasujiro Ozu
1949
Ozu made the same film over and over and this is the most perfect version: a daughter who will not marry, a father who will not say what he wants, and one vase.
★ 8.6
I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry
1949 · From 40 Greatest Hits
Issued as a B-side because jukeboxes wanted uptempo, with Jerry Byrd's steel guitar shadowing every line Williams sings.
★ 8.5
Being and Nothingness · 1943
Notorious
Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
1946
Hitchcock's most grown-up film, and the one where the suspense is entirely about feeling: a woman is sent to seduce a Nazi by the man who loves her.
★ 8.4
Take the "A" Train
1941
Strayhorn turned Ellington's subway directions into a theme song; Ray Nance's trumpet solo got copied note for note ever after.
★ 8.2
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Directed by John Huston
1948
Huston won two Oscars for it and directed his own father to a third: three men look for gold in Mexico and the heat does the rest.
★ 8.0
The Red Shoes
Directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger
1948 · United Kingdom
Scorsese has been watching it since childhood and has never stopped: Powell and Pressburger put a ballet on screen in Technicolor so saturated that it plays like a fever.
★ 8.0
Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion
1944 · Tate Modern, London
Three flayed creatures crane and scream on orange grounds. Shown as the war ended in 1945, they made Bacon's reputation overnight.
★ 8.0
Hiroshima
1946 · 152 pages
Six people survived the bomb at Hiroshima and Hersey follows them through the year after: a clerk, a widow, two doctors, and two clergymen. He writes flatly and it is unbearable.
★ 8.0
Under the Volcano
1947 · 402 pages
Drinking himself to death in Mexico, a British ex-consul is visited by the wife who left him. Lowry gives them one Day of the Dead, written from inside the bottle.
★ 8.0
Round Midnight
1947 · From Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1
Monk wrote it around 1940, cutting it for Blue Note in 1947; no jazz composer's tune is recorded more.
★ 7.8
God Bless the ChildBillie Holiday
God Bless the Child
1941
A quarrel with her mother over money, by Holiday's own account, gave the song its title line and its steel.
★ 7.8
La Vie en Rose (Edith Piaf)Edith Piaf
La Vie en Rose (Edith Piaf)
1947
Piaf's own lyric, dismissed by her collaborators as foolishness, then a million American sales and a French national possession.
★ 7.8
Broadway Boogie Woogie
1943 · Museum of Modern Art, New York City
Mondrian broke his own grid into blinking squares after moving to New York, where he loved the traffic and the jazz.
★ 7.7
The Maltese Falcon
Directed by John Huston
1941
Huston's first film as a director, and the one that finally made Bogart a star: everyone chasing the black bird lies about it for a hundred straight minutes.
★ 7.7
Children of Paradise (Les Enfants du Paradis)
Directed by Marcel Carne
1945 · France
France's greatest film, and its Jewish designer and composer worked in hiding under German occupation: three hours of theater, mime and love among people who cannot afford it.
★ 7.7
Casablanca · 1942
A Night in TunisiaDizzy Gillespie
A Night in Tunisia
1946
Written at a Kelly's Stables piano in 1942 under the title Interlude, with a bass line that refuses to walk.
★ 7.6
Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red
1942 · Tate Modern, London
Black lines, white ground, three primary colors and nothing else. Mondrian spent decades taking painting down to this and called it Neo-Plasticism.
★ 7.5
The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)
1946
Tormé and Wells wrote it in a July heat wave, thinking cool, and Cole overruled Capitol about the strings.
★ 7.5
Out of the Past
Directed by Jacques Tourneur
1947
If you want to know what film noir means, this is the film people hand you: a gas station owner's past arrives in the form of a woman he once found.
★ 7.4
If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—for ever.
Nineteen Eighty-Four · 1949
The world is a fine place and worth the fighting for and I hate very much to leave it.
For Whom the Bell Tolls · 1940
Self-portrait With Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird
1940 · Harry Ransom Center, Austin
A thorn necklace draws blood at her throat, a dead hummingbird hangs from it, and a monkey and a black cat watch from behind.
★ 7.2
Native Son
1940 · 504 pages
Bigger Thomas drives for a rich white family in 1930s Chicago and kills their daughter in a panic his first night. Wright keeps you inside his head and will not soften him.
★ 7.2
The Myth of Sisyphus
1942 · 212 pages
The only serious philosophical question, Camus opens, is whether to kill yourself. His answer: the universe will never explain itself, so you live anyway, unreconciled, like Sisyphus happy pushing his rock uphill forever.
★ 7.2
The Bridge on the Drina
1945 · 314 pages
Four centuries of Bosnian life pass over one stone bridge, built by an Ottoman vizier taken from these hills as a boy. Andric ends in 1914 and you feel it coming.
★ 7.2
Snow Country
1948 · 175 pages
At a hot spring in Japan's snow country, a wealthy Tokyo idler keeps visiting a geisha who loves him past anything he can give. Kawabata states almost nothing and it lands anyway.
★ 7.2
The Big Sleep
Directed by Howard Hawks
1946
Nobody has ever been able to follow the plot, including the men who wrote it: what you watch it for is Bogart and Bacall talking, which is more than enough.
★ 7.2
Rome Open City
Directed by Roberto Rossellini
1945 · Italy
Rossellini shot it in the streets months after the Germans pulled out, on mismatched surplus stock scrounged from an army supplier: this is where Italian neorealism arrives.
★ 7.2
The Best Years of Our Lives
Directed by William Wyler
1946
Wyler cast a veteran who had lost both hands to play a veteran who had lost both hands, and audiences in 1946 recognized their own living rooms.
★ 7.1
The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp
Directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger
1943
Churchill tried to stop it in production and then to bar it from export, convinced it made the British Army look ridiculous: Powell and Pressburger made it anyway.
★ 7.1
Violet, Black, Orange, Yellow on White and Red
1949 · Guggenheim, New York City
Soft-edged bands of color stacked one above another, hovering slightly off the surface. Rothko wanted you to stand close and stay a while.
★ 7.1
His Girl Friday
Directed by Howard Hawks
1940
Hawks made the reporter a woman and the ex-husband her editor, then had them talk over each other so fast the film runs at over two hundred words a minute.
★ 7.0
The Glass Menagerie
1944 · 105 pages
Tom narrates the St. Louis apartment he escaped, where his mother relives the seventeen gentlemen callers of her girlhood and his limping sister tends her glass animals. Everything turns on one visitor.
★ 7.0
Brideshead Revisited
1945 · 432 pages
Charles Ryder, an officer billeted at a requisitioned country house, remembers the Catholic family who owned it: the ruined son he loved at Oxford, the sister he wanted later, and grace closing in.
★ 7.0
A Matter of Life and Death
Directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger
1946 · United Kingdom
Heaven is monochrome and earth is in Technicolor, which is the whole joke: a pilot bails out without a parachute and then has to argue for his life.
★ 7.0
Red River
Directed by Howard Hawks
1948
Ford said he never knew Wayne could act until he saw this: a cattle drive turns into a mutiny, and the man in charge becomes the thing to escape.
★ 7.0
Politics and the English Language · 1946
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men
1941 · 432 pages
Sent to Alabama in 1936 to report on cotton tenancy, Agee returned with an act of devotion: three sharecropping families recorded down to the nails in their shoes, alongside Walker Evans's photographs.
★ 7.0
★ 6.9
★ 6.9
Man's Search for Meaning
1946 · 165 pages
Frankl, a Viennese psychiatrist, lost his wife and parents to the camps and survived Auschwitz himself. He watched who endured and who gave up, and named the last freedom: choosing your own response.
★ 6.9
Selected Poems of Rabindranath Tagore
1941 · 208 pages
Tagore wrote the songs that became the national anthems of India and Bangladesh. His Bengali lyrics address God as a lover who is late, plainly and without a trace of religious machinery.
★ 6.9
Cannery Row
1945 · 192 pages
Mack and his friends, unemployed and unhurried, decide to repay Doc the marine biologist with a party. Steinbeck writes a Monterey street of bums and grocers and whores as a functioning society.
★ 6.9
Icarus
1947 · National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh
A black figure with a red dot for a heart falls through blue, cut from paper because Matisse could no longer stand at an easel.
★ 6.9
The Heart is a Lonely Hunter
1940 · 368 pages
Four people in a Georgia mill town confide everything to John Singer, a deaf man who lip-reads them and answers little. McCullers fills the place with people who cannot reach each other.
★ 6.9
The Road to Serfdom
1944 · 283 pages
Hand economic decisions to planners and you lose political freedom too, because someone must decide whose purposes count. Hayek published it in 1944, and it became the founding text of the postwar right.
★ 6.9
Brief Encounter
Directed by David Lean
1945
Two married people meet by chance in a railway station and keep meeting, and what they hold back is what destroys audiences: Lean does it in glances and Rachmaninov.
★ 6.9
Dialectic of Enlightenment
1944 · 282 pages
Reason set out to free humanity from myth and produced new forms of domination instead. The philosophers Adorno and Horkheimer, exiles in California, coined the culture industry to name entertainment that manufactures obedience.
★ 6.9
The World of Yesterday
1942 · 472 pages
Zweig grew up in a Vienna that believed in security, art, and progress, and lived to watch it burn twice. He mailed this memoir to his publisher the day before he killed himself.
★ 6.9
Mr. President
1946 · 320 pages
In an unnamed Latin American capital, a beggar's killing of a colonel gives a dictator the pretext to destroy his enemies. Asturias renders the terror as fever dream, in prose that hallucinates.
★ 6.8
The Invention of Morel
1940 · 103 pages
A fugitive hiding on a deserted island finds the place full of elegant visitors who cannot see him, dancing to the same record week after week. Bioy Casares imagined virtual reality in 1940.
★ 6.8
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette · 1943
Darkness at Noon
1940 · 288 pages
Arrested by the revolution he helped build, Rubashov confesses to crimes he never committed. The novel sold half a million copies in France and pulled a generation of Western leftists away from Moscow.
★ 6.8
The Grapes of Wrath
Directed by John Ford
1940
That a major studio released this in 1940 is still hard to believe: Ford films an Oklahoma family driven west by the banks, and Gregg Toland lights the migrant camps like documentary photographs.
★ 6.8
Beauty and the Beast (La Belle et la Bete)
Directed by Jean Cocteau
1946 · France
Cocteau made a fairy tale that looks the way one feels: human arms hold the candelabra along the corridor, and the Beast's castle behaves like a dream that has not decided to end.
★ 6.8
All The King's Men
1946 · 656 pages
Willie Stark rises from county treasurer to governor believing good can be made only out of bad. Warren wrote the American novel of power, narrated by the aide he sends to dig dirt.
★ 6.8
Kind Hearts and Coronets
Directed by Robert Hamer
1949 · United Kingdom
Alec Guinness plays eight members of the same family, including one of the women: the blackest comedy the British ever made, narrated in perfect drawing-room manners by a man counting off his relatives.
★ 6.8
Love in a Fallen City
1943 · 321 pages
Bai Liusu, a divorcee her Shanghai family treats as a disgrace, follows a rich bachelor to Hong Kong. Chang writes their courtship as cold accounting until the Japanese bombardment reaches the city.
★ 6.8
Bull's Head
1942 · Musee Picasso, Paris
A bicycle saddle and a set of handlebars, joined. Picasso joked that someone might one day turn it back into a bicycle.
★ 6.7
Freedom From Want
1943 · Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge
Rockwell painted it as one of the Four Freedoms Roosevelt named, and it has been parodied more than almost any American picture.
★ 6.7
Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening
1944 · Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid
A bee circles a pomegranate, and in the second before waking it has become two tigers and a bayonet coming at Gala's arm.
★ 6.7
Cry, the Beloved Country
1948 · 320 pages
A Zulu parson goes to Johannesburg to find his son and learns the boy killed a white man who fought for black South Africans. Paton's fifteen million readers made apartheid a world scandal.
★ 6.7
The Street
1946 · 448 pages
Lutie Johnson believes what Benjamin Franklin promised about work and thrift, and rents an apartment on 116th Street to raise her son. The men who watch her climb the stairs have other plans.
★ 6.7
Black Boy
1945 · 464 pages
Hunger runs through Wright's Southern boyhood: for food, for books, which he gets by forging notes on a white man's library card. He sets down Jim Crow's cruelty without a word of self-pity.
★ 6.7
The Philadelphia Story
Directed by George Cukor
1940
Katharine Hepburn was labeled box-office poison and controlled the rights to her comeback vehicle: she picked the director and approved the cast, then let Cary Grant and James Stewart crash her wedding.
★ 6.6