Guernica
1937 · Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid
A screaming horse, a mother with her dead child, all in grey. Picasso painted it in weeks after German bombers leveled a Basque town.
★ 9.9
Browse by time · decade
1930s
1930 – 1939
Showing 493 works across all media from the 1930s
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
First Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt · 1933
Strange Fruit
1939
A Bronx schoolteacher's poem about lynching, sung in a single spotlight, still the bravest three minutes on record.
★ 9.6
City Lights
Directed by Charlie Chaplin
1931
Chaplin's own favorite of his films, and the one people cry at: he refused to make it a talkie, then built ninety minutes toward a final thirty seconds.
★ 9.3
The Collected Poems
1939 · 544 pages
Irish myth and fairy tale at the start, then old age, politics, and desire handled with frightening force. Yeats wrote things fall apart, the centre cannot hold, and a terrible beauty is born.
★ 9.1
The Wizard of Oz
Directed by Victor Fleming
1939
Decades of television broadcasts made it what the Library of Congress calls the most-seen film in history: the switch from sepia Kansas into Technicolor Oz still lands like a door opening.
★ 9.1
Over the Rainbow
1939
MGM cut it from the film twice until Arthur Freed threatened to quit; Garland was sixteen.
★ 9.0
Absalom, Absalom!
1936 · 313 pages
Thomas Sutpen arrives in Mississippi from nowhere with a band of slaves and a French architect and builds a dynasty that destroys itself. Two students retell it until it swallows them.
★ 9.0
The Grapes of Wrath
1939 · 464 pages
The Joads lose their Oklahoma farm and drive west to California, where the promised work is a lie. Steinbeck's fury at what was done to them still comes off the page.
★ 9.0
M
Directed by Fritz Lang
1931 · Germany
Serial killer films begin here: Lang used sound as a weapon in his first talkie, gave the murderer a whistled tune, and turned a whole city into a trap.
★ 8.9
The Rules of the Game
Directed by Jean Renoir
1939 · France
Banned in 1939, booed at its premiere, then in the top ten of every Sight and Sound poll for sixty years: Renoir turned a hunting party into a diagnosis of a doomed society.
★ 8.8
Modern Times
Directed by Charlie Chaplin
1936
Chaplin's farewell to silence, made nine years into the sound era out of pure stubbornness: the factory gears swallow him, and he answers the talkies entirely on his own terms.
★ 8.7
The Persistence of Memory
1931 · Museum of Modern Art, New York City
Dalí said the soft watches came to him from a camembert melting in the sun, and he painted them with hallucinatory precision.
★ 8.7
The Wizard of Oz · 1939
Brave New World
1932 · 281 pages
Babies are decanted from bottles into castes, everyone takes a drug called soma, and nobody is unhappy. Huxley saw that a tyranny of pleasure would hold better than one of fear.
★ 8.5
American Gothic
1930 · Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
Wood posed his sister and his dentist in front of a farmhouse window, and people have argued ever since whether he meant tribute or mockery.
★ 8.3
Sing Sing Sing (With a Swing)
1937
Louis Prima's tune, Krupa's tom-toms, and a performance long enough to fill both sides of a twelve-inch 78.
★ 8.0
As I Lay Dying
1930 · 267 pages
Addie Bundren dies and her family hauls the coffin across Mississippi through flood and fire. Fifteen voices tell it, and you laugh at people whose misery you can feel.
★ 8.0
Their Eyes Were Watching God
1937 · 219 pages
Janie comes home to a Black town in Florida and tells a friend about her three marriages and how she found her own voice. Hurston writes porch talk exactly as it sounded.
★ 8.0
Journey to the End of the Night
1932 · 453 pages
Celine's narrator carries his disgust from the First World War to colonial Africa, a Ford assembly line in Detroit, and a Paris suburb. He dragged spoken French into literature and made loathing exhilarating.
★ 8.0
Cross Road Blues
1936 · From King of the Delta Blues Singers
Two takes in a San Antonio hotel room, Johnson's slide answering his own voice; the devil came later.
★ 7.9
The Hobbit
1937 · 300 pages
Thirteen dwarves turn up at a comfortable hobbit's door and talk him into helping them rob a dragon. The comedy is real, and the riddle game in the dark still frightens children.
★ 7.8
Body and Soul
1939
Hawkins barely states the melody, improvises two choruses instead, and the 1939 Bluebird side pointed jazz toward bebop.
★ 7.7
It Happened One Night
Directed by Frank Capra
1934
It helped launch the screwball comedy and left fingerprints on every romance that followed: a runaway heiress, a broke reporter, a night bus, and a blanket hung between two beds.
★ 7.7
The Two Fridas
1939 · Museo de Arte Moderno (Mexico City), Mexico City
Two versions of herself hold hands with one artery running between them, clamped shut. She painted it as her marriage to Rivera fell apart.
★ 7.7
Minnie the Moocher
1931
Calloway forgot the words on a Cotton Club broadcast, by his account, and the hi-de-ho call and response was born.
★ 7.6
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Directed by David Hand
1937
Disney mortgaged his own house to make the first cel-animated feature, and the industry called it his folly: the queen's transformation still frightens small children exactly as intended.
★ 7.5
Can the Circle Be Unbroken (By and By)
1935
A 1907 hymn rewritten into a mother's funeral, with A.P. Carter tightening the grief and Maybelle's guitar holding it.
★ 7.5
The Weeping Woman
1937 · Tate Modern, London
Picasso pulled her out of the screaming mother in Guernica and gave her the face of Dora Maar, his lover and a photographer.
★ 7.5
In the Mood
1939
Joe Garland's tune cut to three minutes to fit a 78, and those false endings that never quite stop.
★ 7.5
Gone with the Wind
Directed by Victor Fleming
1939
Adjusted for inflation no film has ever earned more, and it is still telling the old South's version of itself: enormous, ravishing, and not to be trusted.
★ 7.4
Somewhere over the rainbow Way up high, There's a land that I heard of Once in a lullaby.
The Wizard of Oz · 1939
Light in August
1932 · 512 pages
Pregnant and walking from Alabama, Lena Grove looks for the man who left her. Nearby a man who cannot say whether he is black or white is running out of room.
★ 7.2
Ram's Head White Hollyhock and Little Hills
1935 · Brooklyn Museum (Brooklyn), Brooklyn
O'Keeffe collected sun-bleached bones off the desert and hung this one in the sky over the hills, with a single white hollyhock beside it.
★ 7.2
White Crucifixion
1938 · Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
Christ wears a Jewish prayer shawl while a synagogue burns and refugees flee by boat. Chagall painted it in 1938, watching what was coming.
★ 7.2
Time Transfixed
1938 · Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
A small steam locomotive comes out of a fireplace under the mantel clock, and the room around it is otherwise entirely ordinary.
★ 7.2
Duck Soup
Directed by Leo McCarey
1933
The Marx Brothers at their fastest and most anarchic, and they left Paramount soon after it underperformed: the mirror sequence has been stolen by everybody in comedy since.
★ 7.2
Frankenstein
Directed by James Whale
1931
Karloff's monster became the face everyone pictures, which is not what Mary Shelley wrote: Whale made a horror film that keeps asking who the actual monster is.
★ 7.1
The Sleepwalkers
1932 · 648 pages
Three novels set in 1888, 1903, and 1918 follow a Prussian officer clinging to his uniform, a bookkeeper demanding justice, and a deserter who feels nothing. Broch watches a whole value system dissolve.
★ 7.1
In Praise of Shadows
1933 · 56 pages
Tanizaki, a Japanese novelist, argues in earnest that the beauty of his country was made for dim rooms and wrecked by electric light. Lacquer, gold leaf, and old toilets all make his case.
★ 7.1
The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
1936 · 403 pages
Keynes argues that an economy can sit at mass unemployment indefinitely because nobody is spending, and that governments must spend instead. Every recession since has been argued in the terms he set.
★ 7.1
Bringing Up Baby
Directed by Howard Hawks
1938
Nobody talks faster than this: Hawks overlapped every line until the dialogue becomes a physical event, and it did badly enough that exhibitors called Hepburn box office poison.
★ 7.1
King Kong
Directed by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack
1933
Willis O'Brien animated it a frame at a time and audiences in 1933 had never seen anything like it: the ape on that building is known to people who never watched it.
★ 7.1
Stagecoach
Directed by John Ford
1939
It made John Wayne a star, invented Monument Valley as a place in the American mind, and put nine strangers in one coach: every road movie descends from it.
★ 7.0
And then he will carry me away to his castle, where we will live happily ever after.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs · 1937
The Radetzky March
1932 · 369 pages
A lieutenant knocks Emperor Franz Joseph off his horse at Solferino and saves his life. Three generations of Trottas ride that accident down into 1914, and the Habsburg empire dissolves around them.
★ 7.0
Down and Out in Paris and London
1933 · 213 pages
Seventeen-hour shifts in a Paris restaurant kitchen, then the tramps' road between London workhouses. Orwell went into poverty himself and came back able to describe what hunger does to a mind.
★ 7.0
Independent People
1934 · 482 pages
Eighteen years of hired labor buy Bjartur a stretch of Icelandic moorland, and he defends his independence against weather, debt, and his own family. Laxness makes stubbornness heroic and ruinous at once.
★ 7.0
I, Claudius
1934 · 468 pages
Stammering, limping, and dismissed as an idiot, Claudius survives the Roman imperial family as it murders its way through Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, then sets down the secret history of what he watched.
★ 7.0
Black Reconstruction in America
1935 · 762 pages
Enslaved people freed themselves, Du Bois argues, walking off plantations in a general strike that broke the Confederacy. He then shows what Black voters built during Reconstruction and who tore it down.
★ 7.0
The Black Jacobins
1938 · 448 pages
Enslaved people in the French colony that became Haiti rose in 1791 and defeated Napoleon's army. James wrote their revolution as world history, with Toussaint Louverture, born a slave, at its center.
★ 7.0
USA Trilogy
1936 · 1288 pages
No American novel takes in more of the country. Dos Passos cuts fictional lives against newspaper headlines, song lyrics, and portraits of Henry Ford and Woodrow Wilson, covering the century's first three decades.
★ 7.0
Of Mice and Men
1937 · 107 pages
George looks after Lennie, huge and slow-witted, across the California ranches, and the two of them keep describing a farm they mean to buy. Steinbeck presses the Depression into that dream.
★ 7.0
The Flower Carrier
1935 · San Francisco MOMA, San Francisco
An enormous basket of flowers forces the man down onto his hands and knees, and a woman steadies the load from behind.
★ 6.9
Selected Verse
1936 · 405 pages
Lorca's poems rise from Andalusian folk song and dream logic, where the moon walks into a forge and knives are always waiting. His lament for a gored bullfighter tolls five in the afternoon.
★ 6.9
Selected Poems
1938 · 167 pages
Dense, classical, and packed with Petersburg stone and Black Sea light, from a poet the state killed for sixteen lines about Stalin. His widow saved them by memorizing every one.
★ 6.9
Tender is the Night
1934 · 317 pages
Dick Diver, a young psychiatrist, marries the rich patient he treated and spends her money charming the French Riviera. Fitzgerald tracks the exact cost of being the most delightful man in the room.
★ 6.9
Nausea
1938 · 192 pages
Roquentin, a scholar alone in a French port town, watches ordinary objects turn strange and sickening in his hands. Under a chestnut tree the bare fact that anything exists at all overwhelms him.
★ 6.9
Nude, Green Leaves and Bust
1932 · Tate Modern, London
Marie-Thérèse asleep beside a sculpture of her own head and a philodendron, from the year Picasso could seemingly do nothing wrong.
★ 6.9
The Human Condition
1933 · National Gallery of Art, Washington, District of Columbia
A canvas on an easel shows exactly the landscape it is standing in front of, and therefore hides it completely.
★ 6.9
Brighton Rock
1938 · 270 pages
Pinkie Brown runs a Brighton razor gang at seventeen, kills without flinching, and believes in hell the way other people believe in weather. Greene makes damnation the engine of a seaside thriller.
★ 6.9
Mood Indigo
1930
Ellington inverted the horns, trombone high and clarinet low, and the overtones invent a fourth instrument that is not there.
★ 6.9
Homage to Catalonia
1938 · 250 pages
Orwell joined a militia on the Aragon front, took a sniper's bullet through the throat, then watched Communist allies brand his comrades fascists. The clearest book anyone wrote about being lied to.
★ 6.9
The Big Sleep
1939 · 231 pages
A dying general among his orchids hires Philip Marlowe to settle a blackmail debt, and the job opens into pornography, missing husbands, and Los Angeles money. Chandler's sentences became an American standard.
★ 6.9
Mother Courage and Her Children
1939 · 126 pages
The greatest of the epic-theater plays follows Anna Fierling, a canteen woman hauling her wagon through the Thirty Years' War, selling to whichever army is winning and losing all three children to it.
★ 6.9
If I Didn't CareThe Ink Spots
If I Didn't Care
1939
Kenny's tenor floats, Jones talks the lyric back in bass, and doo-wop inherited that top-and-bottom trick wholesale.
★ 6.8
L'Atalante
Directed by Jean Vigo
1934 · France
Vigo was dying at twenty-nine when he finished it and the studio hacked it apart anyway: restored, it is the most sensual thing ever filmed about being newly married on a working barge.
★ 6.8
Room in New York
1932 · Sheldon Museum of Art, Lincoln
He reads the paper, she touches one key of the piano, and we are watching from the street through their window.
★ 6.8
The Road to Oxiana
1937 · 291 pages
Byron crossed Persia and Afghanistan in the 1930s hunting domes and minarets, and the diary he kept is funny, rapturous, and cruel about everyone he meets. Paul Fussell called it travel writing's Ulysses.
★ 6.8
The Dream (La Reve)
1932 · Private collection
Marie-Thérèse asleep in a red armchair, her face split into curves. Picasso is said to have done it in a single afternoon.
★ 6.7
Metamorphosis of Narcissus
1937 · Tate Modern, London
The kneeling figure on the left is the same shape as the stone hand on the right, holding an egg with a flower coming out.
★ 6.7
Moonlight Serenade
1939
Composed under Joseph Schillinger's tuition, and the band was playing it as a theme before it had a title.
★ 6.7
Gone with the Wind
1936 · 960 pages
Scarlett O'Hara claws her plantation back through the burning of Atlanta, wanting the wrong man. Mitchell's romance of a gallant South sold thirty million copies and fixed a pastoral memory of slavery.
★ 6.7
Call It Sleep
1934 · 480 pages
Roth put the immigrant Lower East Side inside a child's skull. David Schearl is six, terrified of his father, safe only in his mother's kitchen, and the street reaches him as raw sensation.
★ 6.6
The Cost of Discipleship
1937 · 316 pages
Cheap grace forgives without changing anyone, Bonhoeffer wrote from an outlawed seminary in Nazi Germany. Real grace costs a life: Christ calls a man to come and die. He was hanged in 1945.
★ 6.6
Begin the BeguineArtie Shaw
Begin the Beguine
1938
RCA called it "a complete waste of time", hid it on a B-side, and Shaw's clarinet sold six million anyway.
★ 6.6
One O'Clock JumpCount Basie
One O'Clock Jump
1937
A head arrangement built section by section, Lester Young and Herschel Evans trading solos, Basie's theme song ever after.
★ 6.6
Selections from the Prison Notebooks
1935 · 483 pages
Sentenced to twenty years by Mussolini's courts, Gramsci filled thirty-odd notebooks explaining why revolutions fail: the powerful rule by consent, through schools, churches, and newspapers that make their order feel like common sense.
★ 6.6
American Photographs
Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Edition
1938 · 208 pages
Eighty-seven photographs of faces, storefronts, gravestones, and wooden churches, sequenced by Evans into a cold portrait of the United States. Robert Frank and the photographers after him worked from his example.
★ 6.6
Wind, Sand and Stars
1939 · 240 pages
Flying mail over the Sahara and Patagonia, Saint-Exupery writes about what the work did to the men who flew it. The pilot Guillaumet crashed in the Andes and walked out through the snow.
★ 6.6
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Directed by Frank Capra
1939
Capra built the most stirring film ever made out of parliamentary procedure: an amateur senator holds the floor with nothing but his voice and the rulebook, and Washington's press corps hated it.
★ 6.6
The Foundation Pit
1930 · 224 pages
Workers dig a foundation for the building that will house the whole proletariat, and the pit keeps widening. Platonov's Russian buckles under its own slogans, and the Soviets suppressed the book until 1987.
★ 6.6
Man's Fate
1933 · 368 pages
Shanghai, 1927: a young terrorist stands over a sleeping man with a knife, and Malraux makes the doomed communist uprising a test of what a man can give his life to.
★ 6.6
Tropic of Cancer
1934 · 336 pages
Miller in Paris, broke and writing about sex and squalor with an appetite nothing in English had matched. Grove Press fought dozens of obscenity suits before the Supreme Court cleared it in 1964.
★ 6.5
All Quiet on the Western Front
Directed by Lewis Milestone
1930
The Nazis sent brownshirts to disrupt its German screenings and banned it outright once in power: the first great sound film about war, told entirely from inside a German schoolboys' trench.
★ 6.5
The Street of Crocodiles
1934 · 368 pages
Shot by a Gestapo officer in 1942, Schulz left stories that turn a Galician backwater into a world where his father breeds birds in the attic and the calendar grows a thirteenth month.
★ 6.5
A Handful of Dust
1934 · 273 pages
Tony Last loves his ugly Gothic house and believes his wife Brenda is content. Waugh gives her a dull London lover, kills the thing Tony cannot lose, and strands him far from England.
★ 6.5
Out of Africa
1937 · 399 pages
"I had a farm in Africa," Dinesen begins. Seventeen years below the Ngong Hills end in ruined coffee and a forced sale, and she tells it in prose that never asks for sympathy.
★ 6.5
Art as Experience
1934 · 384 pages
Art belongs in the museum only by accident, Dewey argues. The aesthetic starts in the ordinary rhythm of a creature meeting its world, an argument that pulled philosophy toward everyday and popular art.
★ 6.4
The Thirty Years War
1938 · 520 pages
At twenty-eight Wedgwood narrated Europe's most ruinous pre-modern war whole, thirty years of armies eating Germany alive, and her verdict of meaningless conflict still has to be argued with.
★ 6.4
The Code of the Woosters
1938 · 254 pages
Bertie Wooster is ordered to steal a silver cow-shaped cream jug, and, armed by Jeeves with one humiliating fact, tells an aspiring English dictator he is a frightful ass in black shorts.
★ 6.3
Testament of Youth
1933 · 661 pages
Brittain left Oxford to nurse the wounded and lost her fiancé, her brother, and two close friends. She set down the grief of an entire generation without softening a line of it.
★ 6.3
Narcissus and Goldmund
1930 · 320 pages
Two friends split the world between them: Narcissus stays in the monastery with logic and God, and Goldmund walks out into women, wandering, and the Black Death, then carves it all in wood.
★ 6.3