Las Meninas
1656 · El Prado, Madrid
The Infanta and her maids fill the room, but Velázquez has put himself at his easel and the king and queen in a mirror behind.
★ 9.8
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17th century
1601 – 1700
Showing 87 artworks from the 17th century
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
1652 · Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome
Bernini staged the saint's own account of her vision as theater, lit from a window he hid above and watched by marble spectators in boxes.
★ 9.4
View of Delft
1660 · Mauritshuis, The Hague
Vermeer painted his own city from across the harbor, almost his only townscape. Proust called it the most beautiful painting in the world.
★ 9.3
The Night Watch
1642 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
A militia company surges out of the shadow with a dog barking and a girl glowing among the men. Varnish, not night, made it dark.
★ 9.2
Apollo and Daphne
1624 · Galleria Borghese, Rome
Bernini was in his mid-twenties when he cut this, catching Daphne at the moment bark closes over her thigh and leaves push from her fingers.
★ 9.1
Judith Slaying Holofernes
1620 · Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Judith and her maid hold Holofernes down together and work the blade through his throat. Artemisia painted it a decade after her rape trial.
★ 8.8
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
1632 · Mauritshuis, The Hague
Rembrandt was twenty-five and new in Amsterdam when the surgeons' guild hired him, and he built every head in the room around one lifted tendon.
★ 8.8
The Surrender of Breda
1635 · El Prado, Madrid
The Spanish general stops the defeated Dutchman from kneeling and lays a hand on his shoulder. Spaniards still call the picture The Lances.
★ 8.8
Portrait of Pope Innocent X
1650 · Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome
Velázquez caught every wary line in the pope's face, and Innocent reportedly said it was troppo vero, too true. Francis Bacon reworked it for years.
★ 8.8
Return of the Prodigal Son
1669 · Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
The son kneels with his shorn head against his father's chest and the old man's hands come down on his back. Rembrandt painted it near death.
★ 8.7
Girl with a Pearl Earring
1665 · Mauritshuis, The Hague
Not a portrait of anyone in particular but a tronie, a study of a type, which somehow made her the most looked-at girl in art.
★ 8.6
The Milkmaid (Vermeer)
1660 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
A kitchen maid pours a thin stream of milk in ordinary daylight, given the weight and stillness usually reserved for saints.
★ 8.5
The Descent from the Cross (Rubens at Antwerp)
1614 · Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp
Christ's body slides down one long diagonal onto a white shroud. It still stands on the altar in Antwerp Cathedral that Rubens painted it for.
★ 8.5
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
1608 · Co-Cathedral of St. John, Valletta
The only canvas Caravaggio ever signed, and he signed it in the blood running from the saint's throat, for the knights of Malta.
★ 8.4
The Conversion of Saint Paul
1601 · Palazzo Odescalchi Balbi, Rome
Caravaggio's first attempt at the subject, turned down by the patron, before he threw out the angels and left one man, one horse and the light.
★ 8.4
Death of the Virgin
1606 · Louvre, Paris
The Virgin lies barefoot and swollen like any corpse. The church that ordered it refused delivery, and Rubens told his duke to buy it.
★ 8.4
View of Toledo
1610 · Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
El Greco moved the cathedral tower off its real site for the sake of the composition and lit the whole city with a green storm.
★ 8.4
David (Bernini)
1624 · Galleria Borghese, Rome
Bernini put the viewer where Goliath must be standing, so the sling is being wound up to throw straight past your head.
★ 8.4
The Art of Painting (The Artist's Studio)
1668 · Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Vermeer never sold this one. The model poses as Clio, muse of history, with a great map of the Netherlands filling the wall behind.
★ 8.3
Wind God and Thunder God (Fujin Raijin-zu)
1630 · Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto
The two gods hurtle in from opposite edges and Sotatsu leaves the whole middle empty, so the bare gold reads as sky.
★ 8.2
Supper at Emmaus
1601 · National Gallery, London
One disciple grips his chair to stand and the other throws his arms wide, while a fruit basket teeters off the edge toward us.
★ 8.0
Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings
1617 · Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, District of Columbia
The emperor hands a book to a Sufi and ignores the kings waiting below, one of them James I, copied from an English portrait.
★ 7.9
Crucifixion of St. Peter
1601 · Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome
Three laborers strain to lever the cross upright with Peter nailed to it upside down. No crowd, no glory, just heavy work in the dark.
★ 7.8
The Entombment (Caravaggio)
1603 · Vatican Museums, Rome
The corner of the stone slab juts out of the picture so the body looks about to be laid down in the room with you.
★ 7.8
Portrait of Juan de Pareja
1650 · Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Pareja was Velázquez's enslaved assistant, freed soon after this was painted in Rome as a warm-up before the pope sat for him.
★ 7.8
Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, 1665)
1665 · Kenwood House, London
The old painter holds his brushes and palette, and behind him two large arcs are drawn on the wall that nobody has explained.
★ 7.7
The Incredulity of St. Thomas
1602 · Sanssouci, Potsdam
Thomas pushes his finger into the wound and two apostles lean in to watch, brows knotted, close enough to crowd the frame.
★ 7.6
Et in Arcadia Ego (Poussin)
1638 · Louvre, Paris
Shepherds trace the carved words on a tomb, Even in Arcadia I am here, and Poussin lets death speak without raising its voice.
★ 7.5
Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, 1658)
1658 · The Frick Collection, New York City
Rembrandt painted himself enthroned like a monarch, staff across his lap, in the same year bankruptcy took his house and everything in it.
★ 7.5
The Polish Rider
1655 · The Frick Collection, New York City
A young horseman rides into the dusk armed and alert, and nobody has ever agreed who he is or where he is going.
★ 7.5
Laughing Cavalier
1624 · Wallace Collection, London
He is neither laughing nor a cavalier. The lace and gold thread on that sleeve were flicked on in a few confident strokes.
★ 7.4
The Newborn Child
1650 · Musee des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes
No halo, no manger, just a candle shielded by a hand and a swaddled baby, and it still reads as a nativity.
★ 7.4
Woman Holding a Balance
1665 · National Gallery of Art, Washington, District of Columbia
The scales in her hand are empty and perfectly level, and the painting on the wall behind her is a Last Judgment.
★ 7.4
Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus
1618 · Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Two horsemen haul two women up onto rearing horses, and the whole canvas spins into one great X of limbs and hooves.
★ 7.4
Christ Crucified
1632 · El Prado, Madrid
No crowd, no landscape, nothing but the body against black, with the hair fallen forward to half-cover the face. Made for private prayer.
★ 7.3
Seaport with the Embarkation of St. Ursula
1641 · National Gallery, London
Saint Ursula is on the quay somewhere, but the real subject is the light coming up the water between the palaces at dawn.
★ 7.3
Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba
1648 · National Gallery, London
The sun sits low over a glassy harbor and floods everything. Turner admired it so much he insisted his own work hang beside it.
★ 7.3
Young Woman with a Water Jug
1662 · Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
One hand on the pitcher, one on the window latch, and morning light coming through onto a white cap. Nothing happens, perfectly.
★ 7.2
The Elevation of the Cross
1611 · Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp
Rubens had just come back from Italy with Caravaggio's light and Michelangelo's anatomy, and announced himself with this straining diagonal.
★ 7.2
The Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens 1)
1612 · Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto
Herod's soldiers and the mothers of Bethlehem lock into one knot of muscle. Overlooked for centuries, it sold in 2002 for a record price.
★ 7.2
The Storm on the Sea of Galilee
1633 · Stolen
Rembrandt's only seascape, and one disciple is being sick over the side. Stolen from the Gardner Museum in 1990 and never recovered.
★ 7.2
Flight into Egypt (A. Carracci)
1604 · Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome
The holy family is tiny and the landscape does everything, which is the arrangement Poussin and Claude would build whole careers on.
★ 7.1
Saint Mary Magdalen with the Smoking Flame
1640 · Louvre, Paris
One oil lamp, one skull in her lap, and a flame she does not take her eyes off. Everything else is dark.
★ 7.1
Officer and a Laughing Girl
1660 · The Frick Collection, New York City
The officer's hat and back loom enormous in the foreground while the girl sits small and bright beyond, which is exactly how the eye works.
★ 7.1
Old Woman Frying Eggs
1618 · National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh
Eggs are visibly cooking in the pan as you watch. Velázquez painted this in Seville when he was barely nineteen years old.
★ 6.9
The Merry Drinker
1630 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
He raises his glass and talks straight at you, painted in slashing strokes laid down about as fast as the moment they catch.
★ 6.9
Philosopher in Meditation
1632 · Louvre, Paris
Daylight from a window, firelight from a hearth, and a great spiral staircase winding up into the dark between them.
★ 6.9
Mars
1641 · El Prado, Madrid
Mars sits naked and deflated in a plumed helmet with his armor on the floor, looking more like a tired old soldier.
★ 6.8
Wedding Portrait of Isaac Massa and Beatrix van der Laen
1622 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
A married couple sitting on the grass, leaning into each other and visibly amused, which is not how marriage portraits were done.
★ 6.8
Gypsy Girl
1626 · Louvre, Paris
Not a commission but a tronie, a character study made to show off. Hals catches her half-laugh before it has finished.
★ 6.8
The Fortune Teller (de la Tour)
1630 · Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
While the old woman reads his palm, three young accomplices are quietly taking his purse and lifting a medal off his neck.
★ 6.8
Feast of St. Nicholas
1665 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
One child hugs her presents while a boy howls because his shoe held nothing but a birch rod, and the grandmother beckons with a secret.
★ 6.8
The Israelites Gathering Manna
1639 · Louvre, Paris
Poussin laid the crowd out like a relief so each gesture reads separately, one woman so hungry she nurses her own mother.
★ 6.7
The Fall of the Damned
1620 · Alte Pinakothek, Munich
A single unbroken avalanche of bodies falls from a bright heaven at the top into the dark, with demons pulling them down.
★ 6.7
Lion Hunt
1621 · Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Horses, lions, spears and men knotted into one turning mass, with a rider already thrown and about to be mauled.
★ 6.7
Sacrifice of Isaac
1634 · Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
An angel grabs Abraham's wrist and the knife is still falling through the air, his hand clamped over the boy's face.
★ 6.7
Et in Arcadia Ego (Guercino)
1622 · Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
Two shepherds stop at a skull on a plinth and read the words carved there. Guercino used the motto first, decades before Poussin.
★ 6.5
Christ with St. Joseph in the Carpenter's Shop
1642 · Louvre, Paris
Christ as a boy holds a candle for his father and the flame glows red through his fingers, which is the whole subject.
★ 6.5
Self-Portrait (Poussin)
1650 · Private collection
Poussin stands in front of his own blank stretched canvases with a portfolio under his arm, presenting himself as a thinker rather than a craftsman.
★ 6.5
The Sacrifice of Isaac
1603 · Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Isaac is shouting under his father's hand and the ram has already arrived at the right. Caravaggio gives the scene no ceremony whatsoever.
★ 6.3
The Coronation of the Virgin
1641 · El Prado, Madrid
Father and Son lower the crown together while the group curves into a soft heart shape. Painted for the Spanish queen's private oratory.
★ 6.3
Agony in the Garden (El Greco)
1605 · Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio
The sleeping apostles are sealed inside a bubble of rock while soldiers wind toward Christ in the distance, all lit by cold moonlight.
★ 6.3
St. Francis Standing
1660 · Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), Boston
No landscape, no story, just a man in patched brown wool holding a skull and one shaft of light finding him in the dark.
★ 6.3
Meagre Company
1637 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Hals left this militia portrait unfinished and another painter finished the right-hand figures, a join you can still see if you look.
★ 6.3
The Merry Family
1668 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
The parents sing and drink and a toddler is handed a pipe. A note in the picture reads: as the old sing, so the young pipe.
★ 6.3
Saturn Devouring His Son (Rubens)
1636 · El Prado, Madrid
Saturn bites into his own infant to stop the prophecy, the star of Saturn overhead. Goya would take the same subject somewhere much worse.
★ 6.3
Triple Portrait of Cardinal de Richelieu
1642 · National Gallery, London
Richelieu appears three times on one canvas so that a sculptor in Rome could carve a bust without ever meeting him.
★ 6.3
Bouquet
1603 · Alte Pinakothek, Munich
None of these flowers bloom in the same season. Bruegel assembled the bouquet from studies made across the whole year, and let petals droop.
★ 6.1
Winter Landscape with Ice Skaters
1608 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Hundreds of tiny figures skating, sledging and falling over on one frozen river. Avercamp was deaf and mute and known as the mute of Kampen.
★ 6.1
The Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens 2)
1638 · Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Rubens came back to the subject nearly thirty years later with the same fury and a much broader, more fluent hand.
★ 6.1
Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, 1629)
1629 · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Rembrandt was barely in his twenties and using his own face as a laboratory for light. Dozens more would follow over forty years.
★ 6.1
Vanitas Still Life
1630 · Mauritshuis, The Hague
A toppled glass, a lamp still smoking, a watch and a skull, all painted in browns and greys so the light does the work.
★ 6.1
The Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Picture Gallery in Brussels
1647 · El Prado, Madrid
Teniers was the archduke's curator, and he painted the walls tiled with identifiable Titians and Giorgiones as a kind of catalogue.
★ 5.9
The Dream of Saint Joseph
1640 · Musee d'Arts Nantes, Nantes
A child-angel leans toward the sleeping old man, its small fingers glowing translucent where they pass in front of the candle flame.
★ 5.9
Saint Jerome Writing
1606 · Galleria Borghese, Rome
Jerome reaches across the table for the inkpot with a skull holding down his papers. Scholarship as physical labor, in a single hard light.
★ 5.7
Ecce Homo (Caravaggio)
1605 · Palazzo Rosso, Genoa
Three figures in a shallow dark box, and Caravaggio puts you where the crowd stood, having to decide what to do with him.
★ 5.7
Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia
1682 · Ashmolean, Oxford, England
Ascanius draws his bow on a tame stag, the shot that starts a war in the Aeneid, and Claude paints it as a calm golden evening.
★ 5.7
The Descent from the Cross (Rubens at Lille)
1617 · Palais des Beaux Arts, Lille
Rubens painted this descent years after the Antwerp one, and the two together show him reworking the same falling body across a career.
★ 5.6
Conversion on the Way to Damascus
1601 · Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome
The horse and the groom take up most of the canvas and neither notices anything. The miracle happens entirely inside the man on the ground.
★ 5.4
Clown with Lute
1623 · Louvre, Paris
Caught mid-strum with his cap askew and his mouth open, painted so fast the brushstrokes still seem to be moving.
★ 5.4