skopia
Hoggart set down working-class Leeds as he had lived it, then indicted the slick magazines displacing it. Seven years later he founded the Birmingham center that made popular culture an academic discipline.
Reason set out to free humanity from myth and produced new forms of domination instead. The philosophers Adorno and Horkheimer, exiles in California, coined the culture industry to name entertainment that manufactures obedience.
Benjamin asks what photography did to art and answers that a work loses its aura once anyone can copy it. Elsewhere history appears as an angel blown backward, staring at the wreckage.