
Open Veins of Latin America
Galeano's charge is that Latin America is poor because it was rich: five centuries of silver, sugar, rubber and oil carried off to Europe and the United States. Four dictatorships banned the book.

Galeano's charge is that Latin America is poor because it was rich: five centuries of silver, sugar, rubber and oil carried off to Europe and the United States. Four dictatorships banned the book.

Two countries gain by trading even when one makes everything more cheaply. Ricardo's proof turned free trade from a preference into a theorem, and no tariff debate has escaped it.

Smith, Malthus, Marx, Veblen and Keynes written as characters, obsessions and bad ideas intact. Nearly four million copies have sold, and generations took their economics from this rather than a textbook.

Hand economic decisions to planners and you lose political freedom too, because someone must decide whose purposes count. Hayek published it in 1944, and it became the founding text of the postwar right.

Keynes argues that an economy can sit at mass unemployment indefinitely because nobody is spending, and that governments must spend instead. Every recession since has been argued in the terms he set.

Workers create more value than their wages return, Marx argues, and that gap is profit. No economic book has reshaped politics more, and the chapter on the working day still burns.

Wealth is not gold in a vault but what a country produces, and specialization multiplies it. Smith begins with ten men making pins and every economic argument since descends from him.